Posts Tagged ‘encephalitis’

Genital Herpes and Pregnancy

Monday, November 9th, 2009

How does genital herpes affect a pregnancy?

Genital herpes can be passed during childbirth from a mother to a baby as the baby passes through the birth canal. Although this occurrence is uncommon (because mothers pass antibodies to their babies during pregnancy) it is a cause for concern. A baby born with herpes can also experience serious health problems, such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), severe rashes and eye problems. Herpes can also be life threatening to an infant.

Pregnant women whose virus is active late in pregnancy may be put on suppressive therapy to help prevent transmission to their babies. Women with sores detected in or near the vagina at the time of labor may be advised to have a cesarean delivery to avoid exposing her infant to the herpes virus. Even women with a history of genital herpes but without lesions may be treated with antiviral medication prior to delivery.

If a newborn is infected, treatment with antiviral medications can greatly improve the baby’s health, particularly if treatment starts immediately.

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Acyclovir Dosing Information

Thursday, March 19th, 2009

Usual Adult Dose for Herpes Simplex — Mucocutaneous/Immunocompetent Host:

Initial episode or intermittent therapy: 200 mg orally every 4 hours (5 times a day) for 10 days. Alternatively, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends 400 mg orally 3 times a day or 200 mg orally 5 times a day for 7 to 10 days.

Recurrent episodes: 200 mg orally every 4 hours (5 times a day) for 5 days. Alternatively, the CDC recommends 400 mg orally 3 times a day for 5 days, 800 mg orally twice a day for 5 days, or 800 mg orally 3 times a day for 2 days.

Orolabial HSV infection treatment: 400 mg orally 5 times a day for 5 days

IV:
Severe initial episode: 5 to 10 mg/kg IBW IV every 8 hours for 5 to 7 days

Therapy should be initiated at the earliest sign or symptom of primary infection (initial episode) or recurrence.

Usual Adult Dose for Herpes Simplex — Mucocutaneous/Immunocompromised Host:

Treatment:
Oral: 400 mg orally every 8 hours for 7 to 14 days
IV: 5 mg/kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 14 days
Treatment dosages recommended by the CDC.

Episodic outbreaks: 200 mg orally every 4 hours (5 times a day) for 5 to 10 days. Alternatively, the CDC recommends 400 mg orally 3 times a day for 5 to 10 days or 7 to 14 days

Orolabial HSV infection treatment:
HIV-infected patients: 400 mg 3 times a day for 7 to 14 days; dosage recommended by the CDC

Therapy should be initiated at the earliest sign or symptom of primary infection (initial episode) or recurrence. Intravenous therapy is indicated for the treatment of primary infection in immunocompromised patients or patients with severe infection.

Usual Adult Dose for Herpes Simplex Encephalitis:

10 to 15 mg/kg IBW IV every 8 hours for 10 to 21 days

Usual Adult Dose for Herpes Simplex — Suppression:

Chronic suppressive therapy:
Immunocompetent patient: 400 mg orally twice a day; alternatively, 200 mg orally 3 to 5 times a day may be used
HIV-infected patient: 200 mg orally 3 times a day or 400 mg orally 2 times a day
HIV-infected patient, genital herpes: 400 to 800 mg orally 2 to 3 times a day

The safety and efficacy of daily acyclovir suppressive therapy have been documented among patients treated orally for up to six years. However, since the frequency and severity of recurrences may change over time, patients should be reevaluated after one year of therapy to assess the need for continued administration.

Daily suppressive therapy reduces but does not eliminate asymptomatic viral shedding, thus the extent to which it may prevent transmission of infection to others is unknown.

Usual Adult Dose for Herpes Zoster:

Acute herpes zoster:
800 mg orally every 4 hours (5 times a day) for 7 to 10 days
Severe, immunocompromised host: 10 mg/kg IBW IV every 8 hours for 7 to 14 days

Therapy should be initiated within 72 hours after onset of rash, although, during clinical trials, acyclovir was most effective when initiated within the first 48 hours.

Usual Adult Dose for Varicella-Zoster:

Chickenpox:
Immunocompetent host: 800 mg orally four times a day for 5 days
Immunocompromised host: 10 mg/kg IBW IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10 days; after fever abates and if there is no proof of visceral involvement, the patient may be switched to 800 mg orally four times a day

Therapy should be initiated at the earliest sign of chickenpox, no later than 24 hours after onset of rash.

Usual Pediatric Dose for Herpes Simplex:

Neonatal HSV infection:
Less than 3 months: 10 to 20 mg/kg or 500 mg/m2 IV every 8 hours for 10 to 21 days
Some clinicians recommend 10 mg/kg every 12 hours for premature neonates.

Usual Pediatric Dose for Herpes Simplex — Mucocutaneous/Immunocompetent Host:

3 months to 11 years:
Initial episode: 10 to 20 mg/kg orally 4 times a day or 8 to 16 mg/kg orally 5 times a day for 7 to 10 days
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends 40 to 80 mg/kg orally per day in 3 to 4 divided doses for 5 to 10 days.
Maximum dose: 1 g per day

12 years or older, over 40 kg:
Initial episode, severe initial episode, and recurrent episodes: Adult dose

Usual Pediatric Dose for Herpes Simplex — Mucocutaneous/Immunocompromised Host:

Treatment of mucocutaneous HSV infection:
Oral: 1 g orally per day in 3 to 5 divided doses for 7 to 14 days; dosage recommended by the AAP

IV:
3 months to 11 years: 5 to 10 mg/kg or 250 to 500 mg/m2 IV every 8 hours for 7 to 14 days
12 years or older, over 40 kg: Adult dose

Usual Pediatric Dose for Herpes Simplex Encephalitis:

3 months to 11 years: 10 to 20 mg/kg or 500 mg/m2 IV every 8 hours for 10 to 21 days
12 years or older: Adult dose

Usual Pediatric Dose for Herpes Simplex — Suppression:

Oral:
Less than 12 years: 80 mg/kg/day orally in divided doses 3 to 4 times a day, not to exceed 1 g/day
12 years or older: Adult dose

Immunocompromised host: 5 mg/kg IV every 8 or 12 hours or 250 mg/m2 IV every 8 hours during risk period

Oral acyclovir prophylaxis is recommended by the U.S. Public Health Service and Infectious Diseases Society of America for chronic suppressive therapy in HIV-infected individuals, including infants and children, with frequent or severe recurrences. Daily suppressive therapy reduces but does not eliminate asymptomatic viral shedding, thus the extent to which it may prevent transmission of infection to others is unknown.

Usual Pediatric Dose for Herpes Zoster:

Oral:
Immunocompetent host:
12 years or older: 800 mg orally every 4 hours (5 times a day) for 5 to 10 days

HIV-infected host: 20 mg/kg (up to 800 mg per dose) orally 4 times a day for 7 to 10 days; dosage recommended by the CDC

IV:
Immunocompetent host:
Less than 1 year: 10 mg/kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10 days
1 year to 11 years: 10 to 20 mg/kg or 500 mg/m2 IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10 days
12 years or older: Adult dose

Immunocompromised host:
Less than 12 years: 10 to 20 mg/kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10 days
12 years or older: 10 mg/kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10 days

Therapy should be initiated within 72 hours after onset of rash, although, during clinical trials, acyclovir was most effective when initiated within the first 48 hours.

Usual Pediatric Dose for Varicella-Zoster:

Chickenpox:
Immunocompetent host:
2 years or older, 40 kg or less: 20 mg/kg orally 4 times a day for 5 days
2 years or older, over 40 kg: Adult dose

Immunocompromised host:
Oral:
HIV-infected host: 20 mg/kg (up to 800 mg per dose) orally 4 times a day for 7 days or until no new lesions for 48 hours

IV:
Less than 1 year: 10 mg/kg every 8 hours for 7 to 10 days
1 year to 12 years: 10 to 20 mg/kg or 500 mg/m2 IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10 days
12 years or older: Adult dose

Therapy should be initiated at the earliest sign of chickenpox, no later than 24 hours after onset of rash.

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