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Acyclovir For Papillomavirus

admin — Thu, 09 Jun 2011 20:48:09 +0000

Acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir are antiviral medicines used to treat genital herpes. All are effective, but because valacyclovir and famciclovir are absorbed better by the stomach, they can be taken less often than acyclovir. Antiviral medicines are usually taken by mouth (orally), but they are sometimes given intravenously (IV) in severe genital herpes outbreaks or herpes in newborns.

The topical form of acyclovir (Zovirax ointment) offers little benefit in the treatment of genital herpes and is not recommended. Antiviral medicines stop the growth of the herpes simplex virus (HSV).

Why It Is Used?

Acyclovir medicine may be given to:
* People who are having a primary outbreak of genital herpes.
* People who have frequent (about 6 or more a year) recurrent outbreaks of genital herpes.
* People who want to decrease the length and severity of their recurrent outbreaks.
* People who want to decrease the possibility of unintentionally transmitting the virus. Genital herpes is more likely to be transmitted during the first year of infection, even though a person may not have symptoms of a genital herpes outbreak.
* Pregnant women who are having a primary outbreak of genital herpes.
* Women in the last 4 weeks of their pregnancy who are having frequent recurrent outbreaks.
* People who have impaired immune systems and recurrent outbreaks.

Persons identified as having one sexually transmitted disease (STD) are at risk for others and should be screened as appropriate. Partners of persons with an STD should be evaluated and treated as appropriate. Emphasis should be placed on prevention as well as treatment of STDs.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is common and associated with cervical dysplasia and anal cancer.

Genital Warts Syndrome is one or more skin-colored papular lesions at sites of sexual contact. These may occur externally on the penis, vulva, or perineal region, or internally in the vagina or rectum. Genital warts are caused by human papillomavirus, which is a risk factor for cervical and anal dysplasia/cancer. Diagnosis is made by clinical appearance.

Papillomavirus Treatment

All of the listed modalities are about equally effective, and there is a high rate of relapse although frequency is variable.

* podophyllin 0.5% solution or gel (can be prescribed) apply bid x 3 days followed by 4 days of no therapy; may be repeated as necessary for total of 4 cycles
* imiquimod 5% cream (can be prescribed) apply qhs tiw for up to 16 weeks; wash area with soap and water in morning
* trichloroacetic acid
* cryotherapy
* laser therapy
* surgical removal
* local alpha-interferon injection

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Acyclovir For Hemorrhoids

admin — Tue, 07 Jun 2011 16:05:39 +0000

Anorectal disease and hemorrhoids are problems frequently encountered in primary care practice. Approximately 80% of all U.S. adults experience hemorrhoidal disease at some time in their lives. This chapter reviews common anorectal problems and includes a table with important patient management recommendations.

A fissure is a crack or tear in the anal mucosa, possibly caused by the passage of hard stool or the development of ischemic mucosal injury in the posterior anal canal. Most fissures occur in the posterior midline, although up to 10% of fissures in women are in the anterior midline. Fissures off the midline should prompt consideration of other medical disorders such as Crohn’s disease, anal carcinoma, AIDS, or syphilis.

Pruritus ani is excessive and often intractable anal itching from multiple causes. Men are more commonly affected in a ratio of 4:1 (3). Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis) and chronic Candida infection are the most common infectious agents. Local dermatitis can result from allergic reaction to scented or dyed toilet tissue, or from allergies to certain foods (e.g., coffee, tea, cola, beer, chocolate, or tomatoes).

Although poor hygiene may lead to pruritus ani, overzealous cleansing and application of medications also can produce itching. A program of gentle but effective hygiene should be promoted. Drying the anal skin can help, and patients may require frequent changes of cotton underwear during the summer months to prevent skin maceration and further itching. Some patients have been effectively treated with topical antifungals and low-potency steroids.

Infectious proctitis can produce rectal discomfort, tenesmus, and rectal discharge. If a mucopurulent discharge is noted, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are the most common pathogens. Syphilis also can produce anorectal infection and should be tested for. Treatment can be initiated with acyclovir or famciclovir if the characteristic ulcers of herpesvirus infection are noted.

Acyclovir (Zovirax) is an antiviral drug. It slows the growth and spread of the herpes virus so that the body can fight off the infection. Acyclovir will not cure herpes, but it can lessen the symptoms of the infection.

Acyclovir is used to treat infections caused by herpes viruses. Illnesses caused by herpes viruses include genital herpes, cold sores, shingles, and chicken pox.

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Acyclovir Prevention Dosing

admin — Fri, 03 Jun 2011 15:05:11 +0000

Acyclovir belongs to the family of medicines called antivirals, which are used to treat infections caused by viruses. Usually these medicines work for only one kind or group of virus infections.

Acyclovir is used to treat the symptoms of chickenpox, shingles, herpes virus infections of the genitals (sex organs), the skin, the brain, and mucous membranes (lips and mouth), and widespread herpes virus infections in newborns. Acyclovir is also used to prevent recurrent genital herpes infections. Although acyclovir will not cure herpes, it does help relieve the pain and discomfort and helps the sores (if any) heal faster.

Acyclovir may also be used for other virus infections as determined by your doctor. However, it does not work in treating certain virus infections, such as the common cold.

Acyclovir is best used as soon as possible after the symptoms of herpes infection or shingles (for example, pain, burning, blisters) begin to appear.

If you are taking acyclovir for the treatment of chickenpox, it is best to start taking acyclovir as soon as possible after the first sign of the chickenpox rash, usually within one day.

Acyclovir capsules, tablets, and oral suspension may be taken with meals or on an empty stomach. Acyclovir is best taken with a full glass (8 ounces) of water.

If you are using acyclovir oral suspension, use a specially marked measuring spoon or other device to measure each dose accurately. The average household teaspoon may not hold the right amount of liquid.

To help clear up your herpes infection, chickenpox, or shingles, keep taking acyclovir for the full time of treatment, even if your symptoms begin to clear up after a few days. Do not miss any doses. However, do not use this medicine more often or for a longer time than your doctor ordered.

If you are taking acyclovir capsules, tablets, or oral suspension, you should drink plenty of water to avoid becoming dehydrated.

The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor’s orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.

The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.

For oral dosage forms (capsules, oral suspension, or tablets):
For treatment of genital herpes:
* Adults and children 12 years of age and older—200 milligrams (mg) five times a day for ten days.
* Children up to 12 years of age—Use and dose must be determined by the doctor.

For prevention of recurrent outbreaks of genital herpes infections:
* Adults and children 12 years of age and older—200 to 400 mg two to five times a day for five days or up to twelve months, depending on how often your outbreaks of infection occur.
* Children up to 12 years of age—Use and dose must be determined by the doctor.

For treatment of chickenpox:
* Adults and children who weigh over 88 pounds (40 kilograms)—800 mg four times a day for five days.
* Children 2 years of age and older and weighing 88 pounds (40 kilograms) or less—Dose is based on body weight and must be determined by the doctor. The usual dose is 20 mg per kilogram (kg) of body weight, up to 800 mg, four times a day for five days.
* Children up to 2 years of age—Use and dose must be determined by the doctor.

For treatment of shingles:
* Adults and children 12 years of age and older—800 mg five times a day for seven to ten days.
* Children up to 12 years of age—Use and dose must be determined by the doctor.

For injection dosage form:
For treatment of herpes of the brain, genitals, or mucous membranes, or for the treatment of shingles:
* Adults and children 12 years of age and older—Dose is based on body weight and must be determined by the doctor. The usual dose is 5 to 10 mg of acyclovir per kg (2.3 to 4.5 mg per pound) of body weight, injected slowly into a vein over at least a one-hour period, and repeated every eight hours for five to ten days.
* Children up to 12 years of age—Dose is based on body weight and must be determined by the doctor. The usual dose is 10 mg to 20 mg of acyclovir per kg (4.5 mg to 9.1 mg per pound) of body weight, injected slowly into a vein over at least a one-hour period and repeated every eight hours for seven to ten days.

For treatment of widespread herpes virus infection in newborns:
* Infants from birth to 3 months of age—Dose is based on body weight and must be determined by the doctor. The usual dose is 10 mg of acyclovir per kg (4.5 mg per pound) of body weight, injected slowly into a vein over at least a one-hour period and repeated every eight hours for ten days.

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Acyclovir HPV

admin — Thu, 02 Jun 2011 15:27:12 +0000

Treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16-infected cells using herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase-mediated gene therapy transcriptionally regulated by the HPV E2 protein.

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) is associated with development of anogenital squamous cell cancers (SCCs) and their precursor, intraepithelial neoplasia (IN). Few approaches to the treatment of IN to prevent SCC are targeted specifically to HPV. We have designed an HPV-specific therapy using the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV-1 TK) gene driven by an HPV-specific promoter in the HPV-16 long control region (LCR) (nucleotide 7450-nucleotide 104), which is regulated by the HPV E2 protein. Expression of the HSV-1 TK gene is designed to render HPV-infected cells sensitive to the prodrugs ganciclovir (GCV) and acyclovir (ACV). To assess the E2 specificity of gene expression driven by the HPV-16 LCR, we measured luciferase expression in HPV-positive and HPV-negative cell lines. Significant induction of luciferase activity was observed in HPV-positive cells when compared with four different HPV-negative epithelial cell lines. Cotransfection of an HPV-negative cell line, MDCK, with an HPV-16 E2-expressing plasmid resulted in 15- to 20-fold induction of luciferase activity, suggesting specific activation by E2 protein. A plasmid expressing the HSV-1 TK gene driven by the LCR was transfected into CaSki and SiHa cells. Treatment of transfected cells with either GCV or ACV (20-30 microg/ml) for 6-10 days resulted in 80-95% cell death. Cell death was progressive, dose dependent, and mediated by apoptosis. These results suggest that direct gene transfer of the HSV-1 TK gene into HPV-16-infected cells expressing E2 protein, accompanied by treatment with either GCV or ACV, may be a clinically feasible therapeutic strategy.

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STDs & Women

admin — Mon, 26 Apr 2010 18:07:06 +0000

Also called: Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Women. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are certain infectious diseases passed from person to person. STDs are usually passed during sexual activity, including vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse and oral sex (mouth-to-genital contact). However, these diseases can be passed during any contact involving the genitals of one person and the skin of another. A pregnant woman can even pass an STD on to her child during delivery, as well as before or after birth.

Different types of STDs are caused by different organisms. Many STDs are caused by bacteria and viruses, while others are caused by parasites. There are more than 15 types of STDs, but some are much more common than others. The most common STDs in the United States include:

* Genital herpes
* Chlamydia
* Gonorrhea
* Syphilis
* HIV/AIDS
* Human papillomavirus

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 19 million STD infections occur in the United States each year. Women, young people and minorities are the groups most often infected with STDs. However, anyone participating in sexual activity is at risk. Certain factors that increase the risk of developing an STD include having multiple sexual partners or having a sexual partner with many partners. People can greatly reduce their risk by using a male latex condom every time they engage in sexual activity. Female condoms can also be used. However, they offer less protection.

Common signs and symptoms of an STD include the appearance of a sore or raised bump in the genital area, discharge from the genital area and burning or itchiness in the genital area. However, in many people STDs do not cause any signs or symptoms. For this reason, all individuals participating in sexual activity should be tested for STDs. This is especially important for women because lack of symptoms is very common in this population.

Early detection is important because untreated STDs can cause serious complications including liver failure, certain cancers, infertility, neurological problems anInfertility is the inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term (usually within a year).d death. Infection with STDs can also increase a person’s risk of acquiring the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Pregnant women should be tested at their first prenatal visit because STDs can cause serious damage to a baby, including blindness, deafness and mental retardation. In some cases, they may cause death.

Because STDs have different causes, they are treated differently. STDs caused by bacteria are often treated with antibiotics and STDs caused by parasites are often treated with over-the-counter medicines. However, STDs caused by viruses cannot be cured. Instead, they remain in the body, periodically causing symptoms to reappear. For viral STDs, treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and reducing the frequency of recurrence.

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Herpes Simplex Prevention

admin — Wed, 07 Apr 2010 15:36:06 +0000

Preventing HSV infection is difficult because people can spread the virus even when they don’t have any symptoms of an active outbreak. Avoiding direct contact with an open lesion will lower the risk of infection.

People with genital herpes should avoid sexual contact when they have active lesions. Safer sex behaviors, including the use of condoms, may also lower the risk of infection.

People with active HSV lesions should also avoid contact with newborns, children with eczema, or people with suppressed immune systems, because these groups are at higher risk for more severe disease.

To decrease the risk of infecting newborns, a cesarean delivery (C-section) is recommended for pregnant women who have an active HSV infection at the time of delivery.

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Herpes Simplex: Calling Your Health Care Provider

admin — Mon, 05 Apr 2010 16:52:22 +0000

Call your health care provider if you develop symptoms that resemble a herpes infection. There are many different conditions that can cause similar lesions (especially in the genital area).

If you have a history of herpes infection and develop similar lesions, tell your health care provider if they do not get better after 7 to 10 days, or if you have a condition that weakens your immune system.

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Herpes Simplex Complications

admin — Fri, 19 Mar 2010 15:28:09 +0000

This are some of the herpes simplex complications:

* Eczema herpetiform (widespread herpes across the skin)
* Encephalitis
* Infection of the eye — keratoconjunctivitis
* Infection of the trachea
* Meningitis
* Pneumonia
* Prolonged, severe infection in immunosuppressed individuals

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Herpes Simplex Expectations (Prognosis)

admin — Wed, 17 Mar 2010 15:33:15 +0000

The oral or genital lesions usually heal on their own in 7 to 10 days. The infection may be more severe and last longer in people who have a condition that weakens the immune system.

Once an infection occurs, the virus spreads to nerve cells and stays in the body for the rest of a person’s life. It may come back from time to time and cause symptoms, or flares. Recurrences may be triggered by excess sunlight, fever, stress, acute illness, and medications or conditions that weaken the immune system (such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, or the use of corticosteroids).

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Herpes Simplex Treatment and Support Groups

admin — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 17:42:06 +0000

Some cases are mild and may not need treatment. People who have severe or prolonged outbreaks (especially if it is the first episode), people with immune system problems, or those with frequent recurrences will benefit from antiviral medications such as acyclovir (Zovirax), famciclovir (Famvir), and valacyclovir (Valtrex).

People who have frequent or severe recurrences of oral or genital herpes may choose to continue taking antiviral medications to reduce the frequency and severity of recurrences.

Support Groups

Support groups and dating services are available for people with genital herpes.

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