Posts Tagged ‘treat’
Monday, April 26th, 2010
Also called: Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Women. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are certain infectious diseases passed from person to person. STDs are usually passed during sexual activity, including vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse and oral sex (mouth-to-genital contact). However, these diseases can be passed during any contact involving the genitals of one person and the skin of another. A pregnant woman can even pass an STD on to her child during delivery, as well as before or after birth.
Different types of STDs are caused by different organisms. Many STDs are caused by bacteria and viruses, while others are caused by parasites. There are more than 15 types of STDs, but some are much more common than others. The most common STDs in the United States include:
* Genital herpes
* Chlamydia
* Gonorrhea
* Syphilis
* HIV/AIDS
* Human papillomavirus
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 19 million STD infections occur in the United States each year. Women, young people and minorities are the groups most often infected with STDs. However, anyone participating in sexual activity is at risk. Certain factors that increase the risk of developing an STD include having multiple sexual partners or having a sexual partner with many partners. People can greatly reduce their risk by using a male latex condom every time they engage in sexual activity. Female condoms can also be used. However, they offer less protection.
Common signs and symptoms of an STD include the appearance of a sore or raised bump in the genital area, discharge from the genital area and burning or itchiness in the genital area. However, in many people STDs do not cause any signs or symptoms. For this reason, all individuals participating in sexual activity should be tested for STDs. This is especially important for women because lack of symptoms is very common in this population.
Early detection is important because untreated STDs can cause serious complications including liver failure, certain cancers, infertility, neurological problems anInfertility is the inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term (usually within a year).d death. Infection with STDs can also increase a person’s risk of acquiring the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Pregnant women should be tested at their first prenatal visit because STDs can cause serious damage to a baby, including blindness, deafness and mental retardation. In some cases, they may cause death.
Because STDs have different causes, they are treated differently. STDs caused by bacteria are often treated with antibiotics and STDs caused by parasites are often treated with over-the-counter medicines. However, STDs caused by viruses cannot be cured. Instead, they remain in the body, periodically causing symptoms to reappear. For viral STDs, treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and reducing the frequency of recurrence.
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Wednesday, April 7th, 2010
Preventing HSV infection is difficult because people can spread the virus even when they don’t have any symptoms of an active outbreak. Avoiding direct contact with an open lesion will lower the risk of infection.
People with genital herpes should avoid sexual contact when they have active lesions. Safer sex behaviors, including the use of condoms, may also lower the risk of infection.
People with active HSV lesions should also avoid contact with newborns, children with eczema, or people with suppressed immune systems, because these groups are at higher risk for more severe disease.
To decrease the risk of infecting newborns, a cesarean delivery (C-section) is recommended for pregnant women who have an active HSV infection at the time of delivery.
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Monday, April 5th, 2010
Call your health care provider if you develop symptoms that resemble a herpes infection. There are many different conditions that can cause similar lesions (especially in the genital area).
If you have a history of herpes infection and develop similar lesions, tell your health care provider if they do not get better after 7 to 10 days, or if you have a condition that weakens your immune system.
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Friday, March 19th, 2010
This are some of the herpes simplex complications:
* Eczema herpetiform (widespread herpes across the skin)
* Encephalitis
* Infection of the eye — keratoconjunctivitis
* Infection of the trachea
* Meningitis
* Pneumonia
* Prolonged, severe infection in immunosuppressed individuals
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Wednesday, March 17th, 2010
The oral or genital lesions usually heal on their own in 7 to 10 days. The infection may be more severe and last longer in people who have a condition that weakens the immune system.
Once an infection occurs, the virus spreads to nerve cells and stays in the body for the rest of a person’s life. It may come back from time to time and cause symptoms, or flares. Recurrences may be triggered by excess sunlight, fever, stress, acute illness, and medications or conditions that weaken the immune system (such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, or the use of corticosteroids).
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Monday, March 15th, 2010
Some cases are mild and may not need treatment. People who have severe or prolonged outbreaks (especially if it is the first episode), people with immune system problems, or those with frequent recurrences will benefit from antiviral medications such as acyclovir (Zovirax), famciclovir (Famvir), and valacyclovir (Valtrex).
People who have frequent or severe recurrences of oral or genital herpes may choose to continue taking antiviral medications to reduce the frequency and severity of recurrences.
Support Groups
Support groups and dating services are available for people with genital herpes.
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Friday, March 12th, 2010
Many times, doctors can tell whether you have an HSV infection simply by looking at the sores. However, certain tests may be ordered to be sure of the diagnosis. These tests include:
* Blood test for antibodies of HSV (serology)
* Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test of cells taken from a lesion
* Viral culture of the lesion
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Wednesday, March 10th, 2010
* Blisters or ulcers — most often on the mouth, lips and gums, or genitals
* Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck or groin (usually only at the time of the initial infection)
* Fever blisters
* Fever — especially during the first episode
* Genital lesions — there may first be a burning or tingling sensation
* Mouth sores
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Friday, March 5th, 2010
Herpes simplex is a viral infection that mainly affects the mouth or genital area. There are two strains of herpes simplex viruses:
* Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is usually associated with infections of the lips, mouth, and face. It is the most common herpes simplex virus and many people develop it in childhood. HSV-1 often causes sores (lesions) inside the mouth, such as cold sores (fever blisters), or infection of the eye (especially the conjunctiva and cornea). It can also lead to infection of the lining of the brain (meningoencephalitis). It is transmitted by contact with infected saliva. By adulthood, 30 – 90% of people will have antibodies to HSV-1. The likelihood of childhood infection is higher among those with lower socioeconomic status.
* Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is usually, but not always, sexually transmitted. Symptoms include genital ulcers or sores. However, some people with HSV-2 have no symptoms. Up to 30% of adults in the U.S. have antibodies against HSV-2. Cross-infection of type 1 and 2 viruses may occur from oral-genital contact. That is, you can get genital herpes on your mouth, and oral herpes on your genital area.
A finger infection, called herpetic whitlow, is another form of HSV infection. It usually affects health care providers who are exposed to saliva during procedures. Sometimes, young children also can get the disease.
HSV can infect a fetus and cause abnormalities. A mother who is infected with HSV may transmit the virus to her newborn during vaginal delivery, especially if the mother has an active infection at the time of delivery. However, 60 – 80% of HSV infections acquired by newborns occur in women who do NOT have symptoms of HSV infection or a history of genital HSV infection.
It’s possible for the virus to be transmitted even when there are no symptoms or visible sores. Two-thirds of people with genital HSV infection have recurrences of their symptoms, and one-third have three or more recurrences (outbreaks) per year.
HSV is never eliminated from the body, but stays dormant and can reactivate, causing symptoms.
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Wednesday, March 3rd, 2010
Q: What are the dangers, if any, during pregnancy if one has herpes? Is there a possibility of passing herpes to the fetus or of the fetus having birth defects?
A: Genital and oral herpes are infections by the herpes simplex viruses, referred to as HSV-1 and HSV-2. As many as 25 percent of women of childbearing age may have been infected with HSV-2, the primary cause of genital herpes. (For more information on these viruses and how they are transmitted, please see my previous column on genital herpes.) It is possible for a pregnant woman who has genital herpes to infect her baby. Usually this occurs at the time of delivery as the baby passes through the birth canal, but in rare cases, it can occur during gestation, if the infection spreads from the vagina to the womb. Though it is rare, infection of the fetus in the uterus can cause early miscarriage or birth defects such as eye problems and abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord. More commonly, the baby is infected at the time of delivery. This results in symptoms days to a few weeks after birth. The spectrum of disease varies from a few blisters on the baby’s skin to a severe widespread illness involving the brain and internal organs. Such infection can result in death.
The overall risk of a newborn being born with or developing herpes is between 1 in 2,000 and 1 in 10,000 births. A woman who acquires herpes a short time before delivery is at much higher risk of passing it to her baby than if she was infected early in pregnancy or if she has a recurrence of her herpes at the time of delivery. This is probably because the quantity of virus is highest with a recent first infection. One study estimates the risk to the fetus to be almost 50 percent if the woman has her first herpes outbreak with an active lesion during delivery. In other words, the baby has a 1 in 2 chance of being infected in that circumstance. For women who have a recurrent outbreak and an active lesion at delivery, the risk is about 4 percent, or 1 chance in 25. If the woman is having a recurrence without noticeable symptoms (but still shedding the virus) the risk is less than 0.1 percent, or 1 chance in a 1,000.
In general, any woman who has not had herpes and who has a sexual partner with herpes is considered at high risk. Experts recommend that such women abstain from sex — or at least use condoms — in the second half of pregnancy. Cesarean section clearly lowers the risk of infection, but there is some controversy over when to recommend it. Before delivery, physicians should question women about symptoms of active herpes infection and examine them for any signs. In most if not all cases of active herpes, the doctor should recommend C-section. After a baby is born to a woman with herpes, the newborn should be closely monitored for any sign of disease. At the first sign of infection, the baby should receive the antiviral drug acyclovir (trade name Zovirax).
In some medical centers, women with a history of genital herpes are tested for HSV at the time of delivery. However, it is unclear what to do if the mother’s HSV cultures are positive. By the time the results are back from the lab, the baby has already been born and it is too late to decide to perform a C-section. And experts generally do not recommend giving acyclovir to every baby born to a mother with positive cultures, because most such infants will not develop disease even without treatment.
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