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Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of noncaseating granulomas (collections of inflammatory cells that do not issue pus) that form small lumps in multiple organs. Once thought rare, this condition is now known to be common. In fact, it is among the most common chronic scarring lung disorders.

Sarcoidosis can be either chronic (long-term) or acute (short-term). It nearly always affects more than one organ and can affect any organ in the body. The lungs and lymph nodes, especially those in the chest, are affected most often, with a lingering cough or shortness of breath as the most common symptoms. However, in some cases symptoms are not present.

The disease also frequently affects the skin, eyes and liver. Less commonly it affects the joints, bones, tear glands, salivary glands, spleen, heart, or the nerves or brain. When the disease affects the central nervous system, it is known as neurosarcoidosis, a serious complication. More rarely, sarcoidosis can affect the thyroid gland, kidneys, breasts or reproductive organs.

According to the National Institutes of Health, about 75 percent of sarcoidosis patients have the acute form of the disease and the remaining 25 percent have the chronic form. In about half of those with the acute form, the disease leaves no significant problems. Scar tissue is the most common long-lasting problem, particularly in chronic cases.

Although physicians and researchers do not know what causes sarcoidosis or even precisely what is going on in the bodies of these patients, it is believed that it may be caused by overreaction of the immune system in genetically susceptible individuals to an unidentified toxin, drug or pathogen. Some believe that this unknown factor may be a mycobacterium, a bacterium from the family that is linked to tuberculosis. This theory has not been substantiated with clinical research.

In normal circumstances, the immune system forms granulomas around particles, germs or other foreign substances to isolate and eliminate them. In patients with sarcoidosis, granulomas apparently form without a cause. There is no visible particle or germ enclosed by them. Many granulomas may clump together, forming small to large lumps. These lumps show up on x-rays as shadows and may affect organ function and cause symptoms.

Sarcoidosis affects men and women of all ages, races and ethnic groups worldwide. It typically develops between the ages of 20 and 40 years. It is rare in children and uncommon in adults over 50 years. People of African, Asian, German, Irish, Puerto Rican or Scandinavian descent are most commonly affected.

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Sarcoidosis is a disease characterized by inflammatory lumps (granulomas) that form in multiple organs. It can be either short- or long-term and can affect any organ, most often the lungs and lymph nodes. The granulomas seem to form as an overreaction to an unknown threat to the body.

The cause of sarcoidosis is not known, but it appears that some patients have genetic factors that make them susceptible. It may also affect different races, ethnic groups and populations in varying ways. For example, Japanese people are more likely to be affected in the heart and eyes, whereas in Northern Europeans the skin is affected along with another organ, such as the lungs. The disease may be related to infections similar to tuberculosis. Environmental factors, such as exposure to potentially toxic substances, may increase the risk of developing it.

Sarcoidosis usually has minor symptoms or none at all. Symptoms depend greatly on which organs are affected and to what extent. General symptoms include fever, fatigue and an overall unwell feeling. Symptoms of sarcoidosis in the lungs include shortness of breath, cough and chest pain.

Sarcoidosis is often first detected by x-ray. A series of other tests, including a biopsy of affected tissue, confirm diagnosis. The criteria for diagnosis are detection of the characteristic symptoms and abnormalities, particularly on a chest x-ray, ruling out infections and finding sarcoidosis granulomas in biopsy.

Many cases of sarcoidosis do not need treatment, but the disease can be serious and sometimes even fatal when it affects vital organs. When treatment is required, corticosteroids are normally used. Relapse is much more common when the condition is serious enough that medical treatment is required. Tests (e.g., breathing tests) are performed for a few years to monitor the disease whether or not treatment is required.

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